The Great Gatsby: The Decline of The American Dream Essay -- The Great

The pursuit of the American Dream has been alive for generations. People from nations every last(predicate) over the world come to America for the chance to achieve this legendary dream of freedom, opportunity, and the all American family. However, in the 1920s this dream began to take a different form. F. Scott Fitzgeralds, The long Gatsby, unf grays what the American Dream really meant during the roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby tells a story of the affluent Jay Gatsby and his dream of attaining the love of the married Daisy Buchanan. In this novel, Gatsbys dream of love is unmasked and reviled as a dream of worldly-minded things. Fitzgerald shows that each character truly glorifies only money, power, and social stature. During the 1920s, these things were the only thing lot dreamt about. The symbolism in The Great Gatsby illustrates how the American Dream became corrupt in the 1920s.Fitzgerald has an amazing talent to create symbols for things that could be overlooked by any revi ewer such as modify. Every color mentioned has a meaning even if it may not seem it. White and green are the main colors mentioned in the novel. White can often be portrayed as wholesome and innocent. However, in this novel white actually represents the false purity or decency in some of these characters. Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker, a friend of Daisys, are always seen wearing something white. Daisy and Jordan both seem as if they are sweet and innocent at first, entirely deep down you see it is only and act and they are truly careless and selfish. Gatsby also wore white on his first meeting with Daisy after cinque years so that he would appear to be good and pure. The 1920s also had this way of deception. The fads such as jazz, fashion and art all make the 1920... ... Gatsbys dream of winning Daisy embodied the American Dream in the 20s. Gatsby, as well as everyone in the 20s, only dreamt of the materialistic in life and it didnt matter how it was achieved. When talking abo ut Gatsby, Nick says, If that was true he must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid a high price for living too long with a single dream. (Fitzgerald 161). This quote explains that its sad that one human beings only had one dream that he paid high prices for and never got it. Fitzgerald shows that in the 1920s people only had one dream of power no matter what it took, and in the end it was never attained because of the selfishness of their dream. Through Fitzgeralds symbolism, it is shown that the American Dream in the 1920s was corrupt and fell apart.Work CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Scribner, 2004. Print.

Use of Biblical Imagery in Margaret Laurences The Stone Angel :: Stone Angel Essays

Use of Biblical Imagery in Margaret Laurences The St hotshot AngelIn the novel The Stone Angel, Margaret Laurence introduces a computer address who seems to evolve her life around biblical imagery. Hagar Shipley, a ninety year-old woman, does not accept things easily, like life. Hagar is recognize as a biblical imagery because of her name. Hagar is introduced and recognized in the Old Testament as the Egyptian hand-maiden of Sarah, the wife of Abraham. By reason Sarah was unable to provide offsprings for Abraham. Since Sarah could not concieve, she gave her servant, Hagar, to her husband, so she can produce replacement under Abrahams name. And Sarah said unto Abraham, Behold now, the Lord that restained me from bearing I pray thee, go in unto my maid it may be that i may beat children by her. And Abraham hearkened unto the voice of Sarah... And he went in unto Hagar, and she conceieved, her mistress was aespised in her eyes. (Genesis 16, 2-4) Symbolically, Hargar Shipley became a house keeper in her younger years. Hagar has always felt that she was to name care, nurture, serve others, it bacame her natural positon. Hagar saw herself as the chatelaine, or possibly an outcast when she was married to Bram. The Shipley house was square and frame, two-storied, the furniture shoddy and second-hand, the kitchen reeking and stale, for no one had scoured properly there since Clara died. Yet seeing it, I wasnt troubled in the slightest, still thinking of myself as a chatelaine. I wonder who I imagined would do the work? I thought of Polacks and Galicians from the mountains, half-breeds from the river valley of the Wachawa, or the daughters and spinster aunts of the poor, forgetting that Brams own daughters had hired out whenever they could be spared, until they married very young and gained a permanent employment. (p. 50-51) Hagar is feeling like a prisoner in her own habitat, that she is not free in spirit I was alone, never anything else, and never free, for I car ried my chains wihin me, and they spread out from me and shackled all I touched (pp. 292). The imagery that Hagar is enslaved like the prisoners in the early eras, B.C.-A.C., she became a slave of her own emotions which is strugggling indoors her. Also noted, Hagar also was seen and explained as a creature of wilderness. Like the pharaohs daugheter, she left the security of her father and went to explore the wilderness.

Hard Tmes Essay -- Papers

Hard Tmes Snakes....specialists of deception. They enter our lives unnoticed and set out to accomplish evil plans. Snakes are twisters. Like a rattle glide, it attracts your upkeep with its tail then at the cultivation moment strikes a venomous blow only to see you f totally from the point you have risen. Snakes challenge your plectron with sneaky tricks and tail assembly even lure you to disobey God. If that isnt enough I have to also cope with the stress of school, the racism in the community and the fixing that a young man gets for the opposite sex. My problems may seem little, but even the smallest affair can be a factor of what has caused a panicked and frightened teenager to hate the world. Ive always seen myself as me. Steve Marshall. An averaged height, not really popular, sixteen year old Afro-Caribbean whos often discriminated against by narrow minded youngster like people because of his race, a boy who likes to take good pride in himself because in that respect is no-one else to do it for him. I mean my father has never been there for me, nothing but broken promises and lies which hurts me so much, but not even the pain that I bare could ever deny me loving him. The only thing that may seem unusual about me is the fact that I am often sick and I have to take three pills a day to keep me healthy. Ms Ramstad a.k.a Peaches or mum, well step-mum after all she is married to my dad. She tries her hardest to look after me but I think she believes that she doesnt have the same office staff over me like my real mother would. My dad abandoned us when I was young and ever since Peaches has struggled and tried her best to cope on negligible wages with the responsib... ...car me with those huge needles. No way, that would have never happened, but I do give it to Steve the disease he was successful in his mission. He was the toughest snake my life has ever handled, and the biggest factor to my demi se. Yes thats right my demise. He has knocked me off my Pedestal and climbed right up. That can only mean that he has successfully taken my place. He should be me. Well everything I ever wanted to be. Now I have realized that the world is full of lying cheating and backstabbing people, so who can blame a broken teenager for hating the world. Even though he isnt here now Steve the disease belongs in this world not me. So this is the last chapter in the diary of my life. The life of Steve Marshall before I commit the tragic event called suicide. I really cant go on through all these HARDTIMES.

Echinacea Essay -- Plants Botany Plant Papers

Echinacea What is it? Echinacea is a spiny looking plant with purple leaves radiating from the center and is a derivative of the purple coneflower. It grows to be one to two feet in height and is a member of the daisy family. Three types of the plant are used for medical purposes. They are Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida. Mainly the roots, the seeds, and the leaves are extracted for medicinal usage. Many people believe the herb to be a remedy for ailments such as the common cold or the flu, which explains why the citizens of the United States spend $3 million annually on the drug. As a consequence of its popularity however, certain places in both the United States and Europe have restricted the harvesting of Echinacea and have put it on the endangered species list. The herb has not yet been clear by the Food and Drug Administration as either safe or effective in the forms that manu factures are distributing. (http//www.rxlist.com/cgi/alt/echinacea.htm)History The Native Americans were the introductory people to use Echinacea for medical purposes. They believed that sufferers with minor disorders such as colds to more serious conditions like snakebites could benefit from usage. They even utilized the herb for veterinary surgeon medicine for horses. In the early 1900s, the herb gained commercial popularity and was widely sold throughout the United States. Consumers had high hopes that Echinacea would cure or prevent many another(prenominal) different illnesses. In 1910 however, the American Medical Association claimed that the drug was useless but many people continued to purchase and use the supplement until astir(predicate) 1930. Th... ...iratory Tract Infections. Western Journal of Medicine, 171, 3 Lindenmuth, G., Lindenmuth, E. (2000). The Efficacy of Echinacea Compound Herbal Tea Preparation on the Severity and Duration of Upper respiratory and Flu Symptoms A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-controlled Study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,6, 327-334 Melchart, D., Walther, E., Linde, K., Brandmaier, R., Lersch, C. (1998). Echinacea Root Extracts for the Prevention of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. Archives of Family Medicine, 7,6 Percival, S. (2000) using up of Echinacea in Medicine. Biochemical Pharmacology, 60, 155-158 Turner, R., Riker, D., Gangemi, D. (2000). Ineffectiveness of Echinacea for Prevention of Experimental Rhinovirus Colds. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44, 1708-1709

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

The American government takes affirmative action very seriously as demonstrated in the methods it has implemented to combat discrimination in the workplace. Although it can be argued when affirmative action actually emerged, the governments efforts to protect the rights of all American citizens with regard to employment began in 1941. President Roosevelt created the intermediate Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) when A. Phillip Randolph, president and fo downstairs of one of the most powerful black labor unions, threatened to organize a mass march on Washington D.C. if Roosevelt did not take action on behalf of black workers. It was the responsibility of the FEPC to addition the number of black citizens employed by defense contractors. The commission go on its efforts throughout World War II and then was eliminated.President Truman signed Executive Order 9980 in 1948. This order created the Fair Employment Board at heart the Civil Service Commission. It was the purpose of t his commission to increase the employment of minorities within the federal government. Although the board was very i worryistic, there was also a great deal of politics involved. The board was terminated soon after President Eisenhower took office.While holding office as vice president in 1961, Lyndon B. Johnson expressed a great deal of interest in the economic flourish of black Americans. He asked a black attorney from Detroit, Hobart Taylor Jr., to assist him in drafting an executive director order to present to President Kennedy for his signature. Executive Order 10925 required federal contractors to take affirmative action to hire more(prenominal) minority employees (Darien A. McWhirter, pg.31). This order created the presidential Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity. While Executive Order 10925 was a step in the right direction, it had limitations. President Kennedy knew that congressional action would increase civic rights efforts. Kennedy passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963. This act demanded equal pay for equal work, prohibiting women from being paid less than men for the same work. In addition to the Equal Pay Act, he also proposed sweeping civil rights legislation, which southerners managed to bottle up in committee(Melvin I. Urofsky, pg.17). Before he could continue his efforts for civil rights, Kennedy was assassinated. In memorial, Lyndon Johnson urged passage of the Civil Rights act of 1964 ... ... legal action in this case. In Lorance v. AT&T, the issue was that a union contract was changed to reduce the seniority f a group of women employed by AT&T. Although they had a legitimate argument, the Supreme Court rued against them claiming that they waited too long to file their case. In the fifth part and final homage case, Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, A black woman by the name of Brenda Patterson filed charges of racial harassment against her employer. The decision was to be made if she could sue under the civil rights act passed afte r the civil war and receive more damages, or would she be required to settle for the provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court ruled that she was stuck with the 1964 Act. When President Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the decisions in all but one of these cases were either modified or overturned. The act gave more protection to the rights of victims of employment discrimination.Although the fight for equating in everyday society sometimes seems like a relentless battle, it is apparent that the government is striving toward equality in the workplace by demanding employers to conform to the laws that it has established.

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

The American government takes affirmative action very seriously as demonstrated in the methods it has implemented to combat discrimination in the workplace. Although it can be argued when affirmative action actually emerged, the governments efforts to protect the in force(p)s of all American citizens with demand to employment began in 1941. President Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) when A. Phillip Randolph, president and founder of one of the most powerful black labor unions, threatened to machinate a mass march on Washington D.C. if Roosevelt did not take action on behalf of black workers. It was the responsibility of the FEPC to increase the number of black citizens use by defense contractors. The commission continued its efforts throughout World War II and then was eliminated.President Truman signed Executive Order 9980 in 1948. This lay out created the Fair Employment Board within the Civil Ser unrighteousness Commission. It was the purpose of this commission to increase the employment of minorities within the federal government. Although the board was very idealistic, in that respect was also a great deal of politics involved. The board was terminated soon after President Eisenhower in any casek office.While holding office as vice president in 1961, Lyndon B. Johnson expressed a great deal of interest in the economic flourish of black Americans. He asked a black attorney from Detroit, Hobart Taylor Jr., to assist him in drafting an executive order to present to President Kennedy for his signature. Executive Order 10925 required federal contractors to take affirmative action to lead more minority employees (Darien A. McWhirter, pg.31). This order created the Presidential Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity. While Executive Order 10925 was a step in the right direction, it had limitations. President Kennedy knew that congressional action would increase civil rights efforts. Kennedy passed the Equal Pay Act i n 1963. This act demanded equal pay for equal work, prohibiting women from being compensable less than men for the same work. In addition to the Equal Pay Act, he also proposed sweeping civil rights legislation, which southerners managed to bottle up in deputation(Melvin I. Urofsky, pg.17). Before he could continue his efforts for civil rights, Kennedy was assassinated. In memorial, Lyndon Johnson urged passage of the Civil Rights act of 1964 ... ... legal action in this case. In Lorance v. AT&T, the issue was that a union contract was changed to reduce the seniority f a group of women employed by AT&T. Although they had a legitimate argument, the Supreme Court rued against them claiming that they waited too long to file their case. In the fifth and final court case, Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, A black woman by the name of Brenda Patterson filed charges of racial harassment against her employer. The conclusion was to be made if she could sue under the civil rights act pass ed after the civil war and receive more damages, or would she be required to calm down for the provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The court ruled that she was stuck with the 1964 Act. When President Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the decisions in all but one of these cases were any modified or overturned. The act gave more protection to the rights of victims of employment discrimination.Although the fight for equality in everyday society sometimes seems like a sorry battle, it is apparent that the government is striving toward equality in the workplace by demanding employers to conform to the laws that it has established.

Gay and Lesbian Advertising

Advertising Out of the Box In 1994, Ikea created a wave of controversy when they became one of the first companies to marketplace to the homophile(a) confederacy on mainstream daytime television. Despite the initial hap this ad eventu aloney sparked countless early(a) companies jump on the Gay and homosexual Advertising Bandwagon. But what is the spring behind advertising specifically to this community, do the billetes take a genuine interest in the mirthful community or is it strictly for expanding business?Additionally, once a business decides to advertise using gay content, what is the appropriate way to go about doing so, and how does their strategy differ mingled with gays and sapphics? Only 4 to 10% of the population identifies themselves as gay or lesbian. (Okenfull, 50) So why be businesses so concerned with gaining the maintenance of this demographic? unitary of the biggest reasons being their buying power. While they dont make more than heterosexual couples, a large majority be non raising children, so they wee more disposable income.Thus, they encounter even been referred to as the Dream Market with a potential buying power of $641 billion annually (Okenfull, 49). Beca drill this is the world-class reason why advertisers go after the gay community, this makes us question whether they deport a genuine interest in the gay community. We market to gays and lesbians for business reasons because we want to sell out product to consumers. It doesnt get more complicated than that. -Miller beer spokeswoman (Sender, 2) It is common knowledge that the except point of advertisement is to drive in more business.However, analyzing the overall impact of advertising on parliamentary procedure, it seems as if there is more that comes into play than vindicatory a business decision. In fact, regardless of the comp anys motive to produce advertisements that have gay content, the overall impact of infiltrating gay content into mainstream media has actually helped advance and liberate the gay community. Big corporations not only rebound societys current values, but they ar also largely responsible for shaping societys values. If there atomic number 18 more gay and lesbian resource in the media, society will adapt he perception that they are e realwhere and normalizes gayness. Also, having large corporations back a minority-based cause, will make the majority more accepting and make the people in opposition to the cause seem more ignorant. Essentially, even exclusively the facade of a company publicly declaring their support for gayness makes a powerful statement to society. Not only is appearing to be in support of gay rights is some(a)thing that will boost your business, but to have any anti-gay statement or claims base detrimentally hurt your company as well. In 1977, Coors was accused of firing gays, along with several other minority groups. Journal of Community Research) Not long after much controversy, chairman Pe te Coors adopted an Gay-Friendly policy and also extended benefits to same-sex couples. In 2000, Coors hiked up their spending on gay advertising, putting them in the number two spot for most money spent on gay advertisements. (Chura, 1) After a company becomes seen as anti-gay, it is evident that they must fight desperately to overcome this stigma just to stay in the game. Beer is a prime example of a product thats advertisements have saturated the gay market to the extent of which if you do not participate, then youre stance on gay rights is questioned.There is a very positive payoff for the umpteen companies that show their support to the gay community as well as a negative outcome for companies that dont. Despite this it still leaves many consumers skeptical of their motives. Many advertisements, in a failed attempt to show acceptance, have become the target of gay critics. The harshest of backlash of these ads are in ones in which they pull in obvious and offensive gay ster eotypes. It is evident that advertisers must handle these types of ads with care, depicting gay stereotypes can lead to further segregation rather than promoting equality.Gay consumers are very skeptical to how a company acts gay advertisements, but perhaps the biggest obstacle is to still keep heterosexual consumers that are turned off by or blatantly opposed to homosexuality. When Ikea first ran their ad on daytime television, there was a positive response from gay consumers. However, during this time period it still created ample controversy that outweighed the benefits of appealing to that market. This is when agencies quickly realized that limiting their advertisements to the confines of strictly gay and lesbian print media such as OUT magazine was a safer route for the time being.Although the initial reaction by heterosexuals to this first commercial was negative and controversial, this was also a time in history where the attitude well-nigh gay media was at a turning point . Gay shows became less of a niche market, and more mainstream. More recently, gay-oriented shows such as the L Word, testament and Grace, Ellen, Queer as Folk, and Queer Eye for a Straight Guy have increasingly pushed the boundaries of cultural accepatnce of homosexuality and have diminished the risk of backlash for firms who are percieved to be gay friendly. (Okenfull, 50)Shows dealing with this content presumably have made the hetereosexual community more understanding to this type of lifestyle and generationally speaking, the current generation became much more correspondingly to support the gay rights movement. Thus, integrating gay ads into mainstream television and print media was back on the table. Because the decision for advertisers to target the gay community is still a very controversial subject for both forthwith and gay consumers, it is imperative to acknowledge the vast differences in how to effectively target this audience.First, it is chief(prenominal) to reco gnize gay male consumers and lesbian female consumers as a very different audience. Additionally, it is important to assess how strong their sexual urge identity is. The lastingness of ones gender identity is based on several different factors, such as how strong their involvement and star of belonging is to the gay community. Gay males that are identified as having a amply degree of sexual identity, are more attracted to ads that display explicit gay content. (Okenfull, 54) To illustrate an ad that is explicitly gay, (refer to picture 1), I chose Virgin Mobiles Hook up Fearlessly.The ad almost positively insinuates that the two males depicted in the ad are gay, if not gay, then extremely turned on by the a gay act. This type of explicitness would be most attractive to males who have a broad(prenominal) gay identity rather than low. There is a large power construct in this advertisement. The male with wings is forcefully holding down the other male to kiss him while the male on bottom, while he does seem submissive, he is still enjoying the act taking place. I personally like this ad mostly because of the actual relevance to the buying process.Consumers always have an apprehension to buying products, let alone a phone contract. This ad is conveyance to the potential consumer to just give in and try it. While the male on bottom might have been apprehensive about the kiss, just as Youll Love Us guarantee gives you the freedom to chose without strings attached. It is a Just try it ad, and while hooking up in an office piazza is taboo doing it with with a gay angel is even more controversial and daring, and you might just Love It. I like this ad because it communicates the point fluidly, and replaces any uncertainty with a sense of say-so and fearlessness.While ads like these are very effective in communicating with the demographic who have a strong sense of gender identity, low identity gays and lesbians are more responsive to a less explicit type of adv ertising. Generally, gays and lesbians who have a low sense of gender identity want to define themselves by traits other than just their sexual preference. By being less explicit, they get the opportunity to read between the lines, not feel alienated by their gender identity, and not have their identity to be oversexualized. To target this audience, advertisers indicates gayness without actually using a lesbian or gay couple.Instead they use implicit gay vision which uses symbols and phrases that indicates gayness such as rainbows, pride, and being out. (Okenfull, 55) To illustrate an add that does this, I chose Chevys galvanic car ad (refer to ad 2). There are a mother and father car facing their child car. The caption says Mom, Dad, Im electric. The bottom of the page uses a thin bar that is intended to look like a rainbow. The copy at the bottom is So, whatever revs your engine, we support you blow%, Happy Motor City Pride from the entire Chevrolet family. This is another ad that I think is done beautifully.They used a social norm of what society knows as the coming out scene. The electric car is declaring that it is not just any old car, just as a gay or lesbian would have to come out to their parents that they are not just another heterosexual. What also intrigues me about that ad is the italics on Im electric. This is presumably a play off the upbeat Its electric song. The car is provoke to tell its parents that he is gay, conveying a sense of empowerment and excitement, instead of how we typically think of this moment, which can often be a shameful and intimidating moment for many children.I also really like the ad for its relevance to the gay community. According to a recent survey, only ? of hetereosexuals admitted to being concerned about the environment while 55% of gays and lesbians identified that they are more likely to go green. (Koretzky). It is targeting consumers that are interested in their message, while also encouraging acceptance an d becoming empowered. While even high identity lesbians are most attracted to implicit gay imagery, their liking towards explicit lesbian imagery comes secondary (before explicit gay imagery).But interestingly enough, lesbian imagery is extremely underrepresented. It was reported that in one of leading gay and lesbian magazines, The Advocate, lesbian-targeted imagery accounted for only 3% of the magazine advertising. Why is this? (Okenfull, 65) Not only do lesbians have typically just as much buying power as gay males, but heterosexual consumers are even more homy with lesbian imagery over gay imagery, which lowers the risk of heterosexuals being offended or turned off from a product. In general, lesbians are less discriminated than gays. his is something that shows up in the workplace according to a recent study, gay males make 23% less than cracking males, lesbians make about the same as straight women. (Williams Institute) Perhaps society taking a particular favoritism to lesbi anism is the very reason that advertisements that depicting lesbians couples in ads targeted towards lesbians are more underrepresented. There is a oversexualization weaken by the heterosexual community of how lesbians are viewed. I chose an ad that was apart of a campaign for a swiss Italian ski resort (picture 3).A website was commenting on the success of this ad with the title of the Article Lesbians Good for Ski Business. the comment on this ad stated, Seems some brilliant ad agency came up with a campaign to promote the Swiss Italian ski resort Airolo by featuring two women about to kiss (pictured above). Were going to hazard a conceive that the intended demographic was not lesbians. They were probably targeting lager louts looking for a good stag political party getaway now that Prague has kicked them out. (Get Outdoor Blog) The imagery does not have any clever tagline, or anything to empower lesbains.In fact, one of the main centerpieces of the point of this ad is the ma le in the background completely enamored and excited by the thought of two girls kissing. The comment on the article even states that the intended demographic was not lesbains. and makes the point that this ad was to promote a party scene. In fact, most viewers probably would not even assume the two girls in the ad as lesbians. By no means does the ad seem to support the gay community, it rather just sexualizes the fantasy of watching two women make out.A sexual lesbian experience can be arousing to straight men and women, conveying a party type of experience while if the couple was actually a gay couple about to engage in a kiss, this ad would most likely be only arousing to gay men, and convey the message that We are a gay friendly place rather than a Party Place. Another advertisement that depicts the sexual objectification of women is the Nikon ad. There is a hand holding up a camera in which he hexs the image of two women in lingerie on top of each other. While the gender of the person taking the photo is not identified, it appears to be a male.Because of the interest in the (presumed) male figure, this ad makes it very evident that the relationship between the two women is not a committed lesbian relationship. It is portrayed to be just a sexual one with an objective to please the male. The copy at the bottom states that the Nikon S60 detects up to 12 faces. When you look closer at the ad, you can spot four males in the adjacent apartment building watching the girl-on-girl action. Many consumers were very upset with this ad, believing it to be both sexist and delegitimizing to lesbian relationships. They made the argument that, the advertisement is sexist relies heavily on the notion that the lesbians are unwitting, innocent subjects violated by a voyeuristic male glaze. (Turnbell) The writer refutes this argument by stating that the two women made the conscious decision to objectify themselves by leaving the curtains open, as well letting another mal e to capture their (not-so) intimate moment on a camera. Additionally, the ad is relevant to the product because it successfully communicates in a clever way that that even though the faces are so far away, the camera is advanced enough to still detect the voyeurs faces.Personally, I completely agree with the writers argument. However, I would also argue that these types of ads do present a problem to the lesbian community. How can advertisements tastefully depict a lesbian encounter that meaningfully supports and empowers the lesbian community? Also, how can you conveys that the two women are legitimately homosexual, rather than a sexualizing their experience? This objectification of the lesbian relationship is likely why many lesbian advertisements are underrepresented.In general, they are most comfortable to advertisements that use implicit hints of sexuality rather than involving males or females (such as the car commercial). Some argue that lesbians are female versions of male sexuality, but this argument is scrutinized because lesbians outline their experience to be completely different. Typically, lesbians are more socially accepted than gay males are. However, they have to fight harder to convince society that their identity is more than just a sexual desirability of a female. One company that has successfully done so is JC Pennys.In 2012, they released their Freedom of Expression ad (See Picture 5) that features two mothers and their daughter. While a group called One Million Mothers presented backlash to this ad, the overall response was positive. There is no overt sexual nature in this picture, it is just depicting a family photo with two mothers. As jcpenney focuses on becoming Americas favorite store, we want to be a store for all Americans. In celebration of Mothers Day, were proud that our May book honors women from diverse backgrounds who all share the heartwarming experience of motherhood. -Eric Bovin (ABC news)In conclusion advertisers have recognized the great importance of tapping into the gay market. Not only is establishing your company as being in support of this cause positive, but in some markets it is necessary. Overall, Advertising to the gay and lesbian community is not one-size-fits-all. It are also specific precautions that you must take in entering into this type of market. Not only are you going up against the criticisms of anti-gay groups, but you are also up against the scrutiny of whether your advertisement is legitimate or whether you are using the leverage of the gay community to seem more accepting and grow your consumer base.There are Advertising Agencies must take into account the way in which homosexuals identify themselves in scathe of their involvement as well as the how males and females differ in what appeals to them. Works Cited Hilary Chura, Coors hikes spending on gay ads, March 27, 2000 Katherine Sender, Business Not Politics The reservation of the Gay Market, New York Columbia Univers ity Press, 2005, 331 pp. , The Dynamics of Brand Legitimacy An Interpretive Study in the Gay Mens Community (PDF).Journal Article, Journal of Consumer Research, University of Chicago Press. JSTOR 10. sledding Green, Going Gay? Micheal Koretzky, Jan 13, 2011 The Williams Institute, Documented Evidence of Employment Discrimination and Its Effects on LGBT People (July 2011). Get Outdoors Blog, Lesbians for Good Ski Business (Decemebr 21,2007) pack Turnbell, A Sexist Advertisement? Lesbians and the Politics of the Male Glaze (December 13, 2008) ABC News, JC Penney Features Same Sex Couple in May Catalouge, (May 12, 2012)

Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming?

Are Humans Responsible for Global change? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS pack Wang, Ph. D. Bill Chameides, Ph. D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attri plainlying the late globular thawing to humane activities rests on the hobby undisputed scientific facts Carbon dioxide ( one C dioxide) is a glasshouse gas that warms the asynchronous transfer mode. Since pre-industrial times, atmosphericalal CO2 concentrations form change magnitude from to the highest degree 280 parts per million (ppm) to everyplace 380 ppm.Current concentrations of CO2 and other nursery gases atomic number 18 unprecedented in at least the last 650,000 years, based on presents from gas bubbles confine in polar ice. nonsymbiotic measurements demonstrate that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere comes from zealous fogy fuels and forests. The isotopic composition of carbon from these sources contains a unique fingerprint. Since pre-industrial times, ball-shaped average temperatures let increased by nigh 0. 7? C, with about half(a) of the melting occurring everyplace the last(prenominal) hardly a(prenominal) decades. The only quantitative and intragrouply consistent history for the new-fashi peerlessd planetary heat includes the intensified greenhouse effectuate caused by the increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The U. S. issue Academy of Sciencesthe nonparasitic organization of the coarses nearly renowned scientists established by Congress to advise the nation on scientific and technical issueshas concluded The scientific thought of humor change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action. Some argue that the recent spherical warming is receivable to essential fluctuations and non to human activities. This argument and its fallacies are discussed below. Argument 1 CO2 is not coming from human activities CO2 has natural sources vol tail endoes for pillow slip. all(prenominal) animals snuff it it. How can human activities be affecting the concentration of CO2 on a planetary scale? The Facts Natural processes emit large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere, but they also read itat nearly identical rates.This balance maintained the concentration of CO2 at a stable level for thousands of years former to the Industrial Revolution. In the case of global warming, the question is What is causing the increase in CO2 concentrations? The answer turns out to be incontrovertible. The isotopic composition of carbon in atmospheric CO2 provides a unique fingerprint that tells scientists that the lions share of the additional CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere is from the burning of fossil fuels. Argument 2 No one really knows why the temper variesThe global mode has fluctuated considerably over the res publicas history, either for unfathomable reasons or because of intimate variability in the climate organisation. We do not know enough about the climate system to attr ibute the present global warming to any specific cause. The Facts It is true that the solid grounds climate has exhibited wide swings over geologic time imputable to natural processes. However, scientists take aim level-headed qualitative explanations for most of the significant variations in 2 limate over geologic time1 they can be largely attributed to specific processes, not to isolated ingrained oscillations. more of the major climatic changes can be traced to changes in the reasons orbit around the sunshine (Hays et al. Science, 194, 1976, pg. 1121). Others can be tie in to specific events (such as the impact of a comet or meteorite or the assembly or breakup of supercontinents) that led to large changes in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases.For more recent times (the past millennium), scientists retain been able to quantitatively attribute the major temperature fluctuations to changes in solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and human-produced greenhouse gases and particulate pollution. These natural processes can not explain the veritable warming. Argument 3 The Medieval Warm fulfilment disproves global warming The current warming trend is uniform to the Medieval Warming Period (MWP). Since the MWP was obviously a natural event, the current warming is also likely caused by natural processes. The FactsThe Medieval Warm Period (MWP) refers to a comparatively warm period lasting from about the 10th to the 14th century. 2 However, the initial tell apart for the MWP was largely based on data3 gather from Europe, and more recent analyses indicate that the MWP was not a global phenomenon. A number of reconstructions of millennium-scale global temperatures have indicated that the maximum globally averaged temperature during the MWP was not as extreme point as current temperatures and that the warming was regional rather than global. Perhaps the most well-known of these is that of Michael Mann and colleagues (Nature, 392, 1998, pg. 779).Their reconstruction produced the so-called hockey stick graphic that contributed to this conclusion in the 2001 assessment of the Intergovernmental control board on clime flip TheMedieval Warm Period appear(s) to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global convey temperature changes in past centuries. The accuracy of the hockey stick graphic was widely discussed in the press when the Mann et al. methodology was criticized by McIntyre and McKitrick (Geophys. Res. Lettr, 32, 2005, pg. L03710). Less attention was given to succeeding studies, such as that of Moberg and colleagues (Nature, 433, 2005, pg. 13) and Osborn and Briffa (Science, 311, 2006, pg. 841) that were based on different, independent methodologies but reached conclusions similar to Mann. Observations of melting high altitude glaciers are perhaps even more telling. Andean glaciers that have been total for more than 5,000 years are now rapidly melting (Thompson et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc i. , 103, 2006, pg. 10536). If the MWP was truly global, these glaciers would not have survived. More generally, it is a logical fallacy to argue that because the climate has changed in the past due to natural causes, the current warming trend must also be due to natural causes.The believe over the magnitude and causes of earlier climate change such as the MWP is of scientific interest, but it does not invalidate the considerable postulate scientific evidence that human-produced greenhouse gases have been causing the universe to warm recently. Argument 4 Recent anticipateions of a new ice age disprove global warming In the mid-seventies climate scientists were saying an ice age was imminent. Now they say the Earth is warming. They dont know what they are talking about. The FactsThe Earths climate for the past 2 million years has been characterized by ice ages lasting close to 100,000 years, punctuated by relatively short (10,000- to 30,000-year) warm periods or inter pivotals . The swing from frozen to interglacial is caused by changes in the Earths orbit around the sun amplified by natural feed clog ups involving greenhouse gases (Hays et al. Science, 194, 1976, pg. 1121). The Earth entered the present interglacial about 10,000 years ago. All things being equal (i. e. , in the absence of a large human-produced source of CO2) it is highly likely that the Earth will swing back into a glacial period or ice age.But this will not occur for thousands of years. 3 As early as the 19th century, scientists recognized that greenhouse gases warm the planet, and that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide could lead to global warming on time scales of decades to centuriesmuch shorter than the fluctuations related to ice ages and interglacials. Around the same time, global temperatures began to increase and scientists became increasingly concerned that humans were interfering with the climate. In the 1950s the upward trend in global temperatures unexpectedly halte d and temperatures declined somewhat.This led some scientists to frame concerned about global cooling and, in turn, to headlines in the popular press about an imminent ice age. What the skeptics fail to admit is that within the scientific literatureas opposed to the popular pressglobal warming remained a serious concern. Many scientists of the time argued that whatever the cause of the cooling, natural or otherwise, it would be finally overshadowed by the warming effect of carbon dioxide. In 1979, the subject Academy of Sciences warned that a doubling of carbon dioxide would increase global temperatures by 1. 5 to 4. oC (Carbon Dioxide and Climate A Scientific Assessment, NAS Press, 1979) and shortly thereafter a resumption of the upward trend in temperatures was detected. Over the past quarter century, scientific research on global climate change has intensified, and programs on an international scale have been organized. More and more data are included in computer models that a re capable of recreating past trends and more precisely predicting future scenarios. We now know that the mid-20th century pause in global warming was caused by pollution from burning coal, which produced tiny particles or aerosols that blocked the energy from the sun.As aerosol emissions were controlled but greenhouse gas pollution continued to increase, the cooling effect of the aerosols was overwhelmed by the greenhouse gases, and global warming resumed. Argument 5 Scientists cannot prove current warming is not natural Climate scientists can not prove that the current warming is not due to natural processes and therefore can not claim with certainty that the warming is due to human interference. The Facts It is of course true that, in a complex system like climate, it is virtually impossible to prove a negative i. e. that natural processes are not causing the current warming. What we can do is consume every possible natural explanation that can be posited. Thermodynamics tells us that the warming of the Earths lower atmosphere must arise from one or more processes that supply excess heat to the lower atmosphere. Besides the greenhouse effect, the viable processes are (1) increased output from the sun (2) increased ingress of heat from the sun due to a change in the Earths planetary reflectivity or albedo and (3) an internal variation in the climate system that transfers heat from one part of the Earth to the atmosphere.Direct observations confirm that none of these explains the notice warming over the latter half of the 20th century. For example there has been no appreciable change in solar output over the past two decades (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Change in solar output from 1980 to 2005. Figure 1 memorialises the relative change in solar output determined from two of satellite measurements over a two-decade period. The data show variability in solar output corresponding to the 11-year sunspot cycle, but no secular trend. Source after(prenominal) Lea n and Froelich, 2006. 4Satellite data reveal that the Earths reflectivity increased (causing cooling instead of warming) in the 60s, 70s, and early 80s and has returnd modestly since. 4 The overall warming from the recent decrease in reflectivity is also small compared to the greenhouse warming. In the case of internal variations, the ocean is the only viable reservoir of internal heat that could have caused the atmosphere to warm on decadal time-scales. However, observations show that the heat content of the ocean has increased instead of decreased over the past few decades (See Figure 2).This indicates that the atmosphere has been a source of heat to the ocean rather than vice versa. Moreover, the amount of heat increase in the ocean is consistent with what is demand to balance the Earths energy budget given the excess heating from the enhanced greenhouse effect and the amount of excess heat observed to be stored in the atmosphere (Hansen et al. Science, 308, 2005, pg. 1431). In other words, the amount of heat stored in the ocean over recent years matches the amount of heat that models predict should be trapped on Earth due to the increase in greenhouse gases. Figure 2.Change in heat content of ocean 1955 to 2005 Source After Levitus et al. 2005. FIGURE 2 plantS THE RELATIVE CHANGE IN THE HEAT COTENT OF THE OCEAN FROM 1955 TO 2005 BASED ON A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF OCEAN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS. THE DATA SHOW SHORT limit VARIABILITY BUT A CLEAR UPWARD TREND ON DECADAL TIME-SCALES. Conclusion The Medieval Warm Period does not run an analogy to the warming of the late 20th century, for which scientists have independent evidence of human causation, and the evidence strongly suggests that the MWP was a regional, rather than a global phenomenon. Our understanding of the climate system is sufficient to provide qualitative models for most global or hemispheric climatic variations over geologic history and quantitative models for variations over the past mi llennium. The Earths climate may return to ice age conditions in thousands of years, but this does not preclude devastating effects from global warming over the next few centuries. 5 All known natural explanations for the current global warming trend have been eliminated by direct observations.The human-intensified greenhouse effect provides the only quantitative explanation for the current warming trend. About the authors Dr. Wang received his doctorate from Harvard University and works as a climate scientist at Environmental Defense. He has published several peer-reviewed papers on the global methane budget and was the author of The Latest Myths and Facts on Global Warming, which was read into the congressional record by Senator tush McCain in 2005. The report is available at http//www. undoit. org/pdfs/mythsvfacts. pdf. Dr. Chameides, chief scientist at Environmental Defense, is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and has been named a National Associate of the Na tional Academies. He is also an American Geophysical Union Fellow, and has received the American Geophysical Unions Macelwane Award. Dr. Chameides has served as editor of the Journal of Geophysical enquiry and is the author or coauthor of more than 120 scientific publications and five books. He received his doctorate from Yale University. The explanations are qualitative instead of quantitative because we do not have quantitative data from these events in the distant past to construct their exact histories. It has been suggested based on temperature reconstructions and model simulations that the MWP may have been caused by increased solar activity or a dearth of volcanic activity. 3 th Because worldwide temperature measurements do not exist before the 19 century, temperature records before th the 19 century are based on reconstructions of the temperature from the variations in temperature-sensitive proxies (e. g. , tree rings, isotopes in ice cores). 4 These variations are possibly due to changes in the concentrations of atmospheric aerosols produced from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass. 1 6Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming?Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? A REVIEW OF THE FACTS APRIL 2007 AUTHORS James Wang, Ph. D. Bill Chameides, Ph. D. Are Humans Responsible for Global Warming? The case for attributing the recent global warming to human activities rests on the following undisputed scientific facts Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that warms the atmosphere. Since pre-industrial times, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from about 280 parts per million (ppm) to over 380 ppm.Current concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are unprecedented in at least the last 650,000 years, based on records from gas bubbles trapped in polar ice. Independent measurements demonstrate that the increased CO2 in the atmosphere comes from burning fossil fuels and forests. The isotopic composition of carbon from these sources c ontains a unique fingerprint. Since pre-industrial times, global average temperatures have increased by about 0. 7? C, with about half of the warming occurring over the past few decades. The only quantitative and internally consistent explanation for the recent global warming includes the intensified greenhouse effect caused by the increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The U. S. National Academy of Sciencesthe independent organization of the countrys most renowned scientists established by Congress to advise the nation on scientific and technical issueshas concluded The scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action. Some argue that the recent global warming is due to natural fluctuations and not to human activities. This argument and its fallacies are discussed below. Argument 1 CO2 is not coming from human activities CO2 has natural sources volcanoes for example. All animals exhale it. How can human activities b e affecting the concentration of CO2 on a global scale? The Facts Natural processes emit large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere, but they also remove itat nearly identical rates.This balance maintained the concentration of CO2 at a stable level for thousands of years prior to the Industrial Revolution. In the case of global warming, the question is What is causing the increase in CO2 concentrations? The answer turns out to be incontrovertible. The isotopic composition of carbon in atmospheric CO2 provides a unique fingerprint that tells scientists that the lions share of the additional CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere is from the burning of fossil fuels. Argument 2 No one really knows why the climate variesThe global climate has fluctuated considerably over the Earths history, either for unknown reasons or because of internal variability in the climate system. We do not know enough about the climate system to attribute the present global warming to any specific cause. The Fac ts It is true that the Earths climate has exhibited wide swings over geologic time due to natural processes. However, scientists have reasonable qualitative explanations for most of the significant variations in 2 limate over geologic time1 they can be largely attributed to specific processes, not to unknown internal oscillations. Many of the major climatic changes can be traced to changes in the Earths orbit around the sun (Hays et al. Science, 194, 1976, pg. 1121). Others can be linked to specific events (such as the impact of a comet or meteorite or the assembly or breakup of supercontinents) that led to large changes in the concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases.For more recent times (the past millennium), scientists have been able to quantitatively attribute the major temperature fluctuations to changes in solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and human-produced greenhouse gases and particulate pollution. These natural processes can not explain the current warming. Argumen t 3 The Medieval Warm Period disproves global warming The current warming trend is analogous to the Medieval Warming Period (MWP). Since the MWP was obviously a natural event, the current warming is also likely caused by natural processes. The FactsThe Medieval Warm Period (MWP) refers to a relatively warm period lasting from about the 10th to the 14th century. 2 However, the initial evidence for the MWP was largely based on data3 gathered from Europe, and more recent analyses indicate that the MWP was not a global phenomenon. A number of reconstructions of millennium-scale global temperatures have indicated that the maximum globally averaged temperature during the MWP was not as extreme as present-day temperatures and that the warming was regional rather than global. Perhaps the most well-known of these is that of Michael Mann and colleagues (Nature, 392, 1998, pg. 779).Their reconstruction produced the so-called hockey stick graphic that contributed to this conclusion in the 2001 assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change TheMedieval Warm Period appear(s) to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries. The accuracy of the hockey stick graphic was widely discussed in the press when the Mann et al. methodology was criticized by McIntyre and McKitrick (Geophys. Res. Lettr, 32, 2005, pg. L03710). Less attention was given to subsequent studies, such as that of Moberg and colleagues (Nature, 433, 2005, pg. 13) and Osborn and Briffa (Science, 311, 2006, pg. 841) that were based on different, independent methodologies but reached conclusions similar to Mann. Observations of melting high altitude glaciers are perhaps even more telling. Andean glaciers that have been intact for more than 5,000 years are now rapidly melting (Thompson et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 103, 2006, pg. 10536). If the MWP was truly global, these glaciers would not have survived. More generally, it is a logical fallacy to argue that because the climate has changed in the past due to natural causes, the current warming trend must also be due to natural causes.The debate over the magnitude and causes of earlier climate change such as the MWP is of scientific interest, but it does not invalidate the considerable direct scientific evidence that human-produced greenhouse gases have been causing the Earth to warm recently. Argument 4 Recent predictions of a new ice age disprove global warming In the 1970s climate scientists were saying an ice age was imminent. Now they say the Earth is warming. They dont know what they are talking about. The FactsThe Earths climate for the past 2 million years has been characterized by ice ages lasting close to 100,000 years, punctuated by relatively short (10,000- to 30,000-year) warm periods or interglacials. The swing from glacial to interglacial is caused by changes in the Earths orbit around the sun amplified by natural feedbacks involving greenhouse gases (Hays et al. Science, 194, 1976, pg. 1121). The Earth entered the present interglacial about 10,000 years ago. All things being equal (i. e. , in the absence of a large human-produced source of CO2) it is highly likely that the Earth will swing back into a glacial period or ice age.But this will not occur for thousands of years. 3 As early as the 19th century, scientists recognized that greenhouse gases warm the planet, and that increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide could lead to global warming on time scales of decades to centuriesmuch shorter than the fluctuations related to ice ages and interglacials. Around the same time, global temperatures began to increase and scientists became increasingly concerned that humans were interfering with the climate. In the 1950s the upward trend in global temperatures unexpectedly halted and temperatures declined somewhat.This led some scientists to become concerned about global cooling and, in turn, to headlines in the popular press about an imminent ice age. What the skeptics fail to admit is that within the scientific literatureas opposed to the popular pressglobal warming remained a serious concern. Many scientists of the time argued that whatever the cause of the cooling, natural or otherwise, it would be eventually overshadowed by the warming effect of carbon dioxide. In 1979, the National Academy of Sciences warned that a doubling of carbon dioxide would increase global temperatures by 1. 5 to 4. oC (Carbon Dioxide and Climate A Scientific Assessment, NAS Press, 1979) and shortly thereafter a resumption of the upward trend in temperatures was detected. Over the past quarter century, scientific research on global climate change has intensified, and programs on an international scale have been organized. More and more data are included in computer models that are capable of recreating past trends and more precisely predicting future scenarios. We now know that the mid-20th century pause in global warming was caused by pollution from burning coal, which produced tiny particles or aerosols that blocked the energy from the sun.As aerosol emissions were controlled but greenhouse gas pollution continued to increase, the cooling effect of the aerosols was overwhelmed by the greenhouse gases, and global warming resumed. Argument 5 Scientists cannot prove current warming is not natural Climate scientists can not prove that the current warming is not due to natural processes and therefore can not claim with certainty that the warming is due to human interference. The Facts It is of course true that, in a complex system like climate, it is virtually impossible to prove a negative i. e. that natural processes are not causing the current warming. What we can do is eliminate every possible natural explanation that can be posited. Thermodynamics tells us that the warming of the Earths lower atmosphere must arise from one or more processes that supply excess heat to the lower atmosphere. Besides the greenho use effect, the viable processes are (1) increased output from the sun (2) increased absorption of heat from the sun due to a change in the Earths planetary reflectivity or albedo and (3) an internal variation in the climate system that transfers heat from one part of the Earth to the atmosphere.Direct observations confirm that none of these explains the observed warming over the latter half of the 20th century. For example there has been no appreciable change in solar output over the past two decades (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Change in solar output from 1980 to 2005. Figure 1 shows the relative change in solar output determined from two of satellite measurements over a two-decade period. The data show variability in solar output corresponding to the 11-year sunspot cycle, but no secular trend. Source After Lean and Froelich, 2006. 4Satellite data reveal that the Earths reflectivity increased (causing cooling instead of warming) in the 60s, 70s, and early 80s and has decreased modes tly since. 4 The overall warming from the recent decrease in reflectivity is also small compared to the greenhouse warming. In the case of internal variations, the ocean is the only viable reservoir of internal heat that could have caused the atmosphere to warm on decadal time-scales. However, observations show that the heat content of the ocean has increased instead of decreased over the past few decades (See Figure 2).This indicates that the atmosphere has been a source of heat to the ocean rather than vice versa. Moreover, the amount of heat increase in the ocean is consistent with what is needed to balance the Earths energy budget given the excess heating from the enhanced greenhouse effect and the amount of excess heat observed to be stored in the atmosphere (Hansen et al. Science, 308, 2005, pg. 1431). In other words, the amount of heat stored in the ocean over recent years matches the amount of heat that models predict should be trapped on Earth due to the increase in greenho use gases. Figure 2.Change in heat content of ocean 1955 to 2005 Source After Levitus et al. 2005. FIGURE 2 SHOWS THE RELATIVE CHANGE IN THE HEAT COTENT OF THE OCEAN FROM 1955 TO 2005 BASED ON A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF OCEAN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS. THE DATA SHOW SHORT TERM VARIABILITY BUT A CLEAR UPWARD TREND ON DECADAL TIME-SCALES. Conclusion The Medieval Warm Period does not represent an analogy to the warming of the late 20th century, for which scientists have independent evidence of human causation, and the evidence strongly suggests that the MWP was a regional, rather than a global phenomenon. Our understanding of the climate system is sufficient to provide qualitative models for most global or hemispheric climatic variations over geologic history and quantitative models for variations over the past millennium. The Earths climate may return to ice age conditions in thousands of years, but this does not preclude devastating effects from global warming over the next few cen turies. 5 All known natural explanations for the current global warming trend have been eliminated by direct observations.The human-intensified greenhouse effect provides the only quantitative explanation for the current warming trend. About the authors Dr. Wang received his doctorate from Harvard University and works as a climate scientist at Environmental Defense. He has published several peer-reviewed papers on the global methane budget and was the author of The Latest Myths and Facts on Global Warming, which was read into the congressional record by Senator John McCain in 2005. The report is available at http//www. undoit. org/pdfs/mythsvfacts. pdf. Dr. Chameides, chief scientist at Environmental Defense, is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and has been named a National Associate of the National Academies. He is also an American Geophysical Union Fellow, and has received the American Geophysical Unions Macelwane Award. Dr. Chameides has served as editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research and is the author or coauthor of more than 120 scientific publications and five books. He received his doctorate from Yale University. The explanations are qualitative instead of quantitative because we do not have quantitative data from these events in the distant past to construct their exact histories. It has been suggested based on temperature reconstructions and model simulations that the MWP may have been caused by increased solar activity or a dearth of volcanic activity. 3 th Because worldwide temperature measurements do not exist before the 19 century, temperature records before th the 19 century are based on reconstructions of the temperature from the variations in temperature-sensitive proxies (e. g. , tree rings, isotopes in ice cores). 4 These variations are possibly due to changes in the concentrations of atmospheric aerosols produced from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass. 1 6

Analyzing White America Essay

After viewing Analyzing White America by Paul Mooney, I was initially interpreted aback by the content. I never expected the rawness that Mooney brought to the stage and he hit the ground running with such a tone without looking back. A lot of the material made me put-on or at the very least smile because i found it to be identifiable with my own disembodied spirit and some of the surroundings that I was brought up in. The part that I found most amusing was Mooneys suggestion that livid people were happier before thrall was abolished. I believe racism is very much present in todays world. When I was growing up, I can recall flowerpot of neighborhoods in my hometown that were considered white or even black for that matter. In these neighborhoods, if you were not from that part of town, you were not considered welcomed there.Any split of the film that I did not laugh at, there was no particular reason other than I simply was not amused by the material because there were not any p arts that I found personally offensive. I feel as though the word nigger is so controversial solely because of its history and the base of its meaning. This word was meant to degrade and disparage African Americans when it was originated.Today, people use the term in a different context. The new meaning is one of love but with its use comes this unwritten rule that white people are prohibited from saying it. I never could wrap my mind in full around the idea that I can say the word nigga in reference to a friend of mine but a white kid was not allowed to use it, in the same context, all because we are of different races.In my opinion, its not right for either myself or a white person to use the word in any context. In todays society, everything is just as much about race as it was in the days of slavery. The only difference between now and then is that openly addressing the issues that we, as a culture, all have with race is socially unacceptable. Mooneys antics on stage were not without warrant. He recognizes that racism is still a major issue and he chooses to address it differently than the average person. Pauls words are not meant to slander or belittle any one race, religion, or ethnice group, but instead he wants to make his audience to complicate their minds and think about what it is he is really saying. Granted, his demeanor is controversial, I believe he achieves just that.

Lois Gould X: A Fabulous Child’s

Lois Gould X A mythical Childs grade brings up the factor of raising a youngster gender-neutral within a society that categorized and stereotypes raft by their gender and sex and how these gender roles are reinforced in society. Goulds X A Fabulous Childs Story is about a child named X who is born for an experiment. The experiment is for two parents to raise a child where no one including the child knew whether it was a son or girl in exchange, 23 billion dollars and 72 cents for the cost of raising bumble X.This experiment was to show whether or non male and female person characteristics are developed genetically or external. Baby X was raised as a happy health child who was raised and allowed to do everything two boy and girl children do, it did not matter whether only boys where suppose to play football or girls where only suppose to bake cakes, X was raised to make do no differences and did both. X was never categorized or stereotyped from it parents as to how X should l ook, act, feel, or dress base on its gender.Because raising a gender-neutral child-like X would be difficult an unlike any other Xs parents were given an official instruction manual on how to raise an X. The instruction manual helped answers and solve some of the questions and problems Xs parents can across raising X in society designed for males and females. In todays society from the moment parents find out they are expecting a child most people want to know whether they will be having a boy or girl, and once a mother gives birth to a baby the first thing that is announced is if the baby is a boy or a girl.If you ask any expecting family what they wanted their baby to be most people the first thing they would most likely feel out is a healthy baby and, then they would say either a boy or girls and for those who say the gender-sex of their child does not matter, in actuality it does. This is because we live in a society where society automatically characterizes people by their ge nder. Gender in todays society predetermines what you should wear, how you should act, feel, and look.Goulds X A Fabulous Childs Story is an example of parents who tried to raise a gender-neutral child in a society that defines males and females from childhood by the way they dress to the actives they participated in, an when a child like X was raised to ignore and defy all of societies gender classifications theres an up roar from childrens parents. Although the children are at first staccato and to curious as to if X is either a boy or girl, that later accept and embrace the factor that X is just X and does not need to be classified and defined.The parents of the children are not as accepting they demand to find out the sex of the child, pressuring the principal and the parents to have X examined by outside experts. In society where your gender seems to predetermine how you should act and behave it is difficult to cross the invisible line that is in places for roles of males and females. I agree with Gould on the factors of how society has put in place, invisible lines of what your gender allows you to do, and what is acceptable in society.I also believe the school system does reinforce gender roles as to what society feels is acceptable, although there is a shift in society on the roles of women and men and what they can do. Today women are portrayed as heroes who hold the same(p) positions as men and are, caring mothers, who take care of their families because of this they line of what males and females are only supposed to do is crossed and is becoming acceptable.Goulds X A Fabulous Child also proved that children are better accepting to change and differences from people, it is a childs parents that changes the childs perceptions of differences and what is acceptable. To live in a gender-neutral society would be ideal, but I feel society would just find another way to classify and define people.

Nursing

community nurses be the nurses who score in a subdivisionicular community for its welf be. With their ability to understand, they whoremonger deal with the wellness of residents living in any community. They give-up the ghost in the field of public wellness in order to perform tasks including population and community evaluation, development and executing of community health programs and working in teams in order to work with sort. Nurses in corking c atomic number 18 settings work along with other health c ar specialists (Green, 27).The nurse is mired in the healing, security and recovery of intensely sick affected roles, looking after the health of healthy patience and operations of affected roles who ar suffer from life threatening ailment. They perform non-clinical job that are vital for health care. Death and birth care is in any case interpretd by the nurses. Nurses dedicate in variety of cracking settings that are available to them. They work in hospitals, s chools, pharmaceutical companies, clinics, camps, militaries (Burbach, 98).Even though, nurses from different area of expertise seem to be more or less in abilities, we cannot decide that nurses working in subacute care settings are not capable. For example, Nurses working in small care settings are experts on pregnancy and birth colligate aspects than community nurses. The question comes whether to unslopedify that it is a false impression or a fact that a sk minatory in one setting can be custom as a skill in another (Humphrey, 19). When developing intermediary plans with acceptments of constant management, the need of feedback and extra training is mandatory.This can alleviate the nurses to put into practice and increase experience in non acute care settings before complete service changes are ready. This would enable the nurses to use their abilities and be confident(p) to work in non acute settings. Equally native, it is of the essence(predicate) for non acute settin g nurses to continue with their education (Conrad, 28).The skills of dressing and taking care of wounds, having complete k straightledge slightly the communitys resources, information on diabetes, patient family support and good communication skills with third party payers are very important when working in the community. These are the skills that help the nurse when working in the community. These nurses work under their leaders, learn in the learning atmosphere and accommodate themselves to adjustments to changes (Feldman, 17). They pose the ability to work efficiently which has been dictated to them.They have the ability to work in a peaceful atmosphere and ignoring their colleagues weaknesses. Nurses working in acute settings require the information, capabilities and experience to take care of their patients and the families. At the same time, the nurse creates loving, kind and restoring health environment. At the same time, they fulfill various responsibilities. They work dir ectly with patients, they tin education to fresh nurses, they work as searchers, and they are managers (Shea, 67).A community nurse works independently as compared with nurses who work in acute settings. The important aim of a community nurse is to focus on the population and persons who do not necessarily seek out the services. Nurses working in acute care settings differ from community nurses in some ways. Nurses working in acute care settings do not have the access to direct clinical practice.They do not have the advance skills to provide education and teaching skills to patients and family (Loreti, 32). They work under superiors. They are not consultants and they do not take part in research. They carry out duties that are instructed to them. They do not require any leadership quality. They do not write policies or build partnerships. They are restricted in certain working conditions (Stephany, 13).Nurses working in the acute care settings assess the critical and acute patie nts health precondition. Community nurses have to demonstrate the ability to line decisions for a variety of situations. They excessively need to demonstrate the need for promoting the rights of clients. They have to ensure the safety of their patients. Communications skills are very important for nurses working in the community and acute care settings. How eer community nurses require effective communication skills as compared with nurses working in acute care settings because the former might interact with poor and marginalized sections of society.A community nurse has to reflect primary health care principles to ensure that clients live on independent and responsible (Brent, 10). An acute setting nurse on the other hand has to keep and document the health history of critical and chronically ill patients. A community nurse must have leadership and management skills to ensure that multiple approaches are used to assist the client in health issues (Wood, 17).Community nurses hav e to apply a public health framework to build community health nursing. They must plan and integrate health procession into the aspects of community health nursing. They must also apply cognition of health promotion to achieve public health policies (Hunt, 36). They must coordinate the development and implementation of health promotion plans. An acute settings nurse on the other hand is more concerned with assessing the demand of additional screening after initial estimate limitings. They must have adequate skills to assess the impact of acute or chronic injuries on the separate (Bailey, 714).A nurse working in acute settings needs to be very quick and capable of working with multiplex and dependant patients. In the community settings, assessment and decision making abilities play an important role in the delivery of patient care. Nurses in the acute settings must quickly identify outcomes found on actual or potential diagnosing (Sobolewski, 12). Intervention plans are indiv idualized according to the characteristics of the patients. The plan is developed in collaboration with other health professionals and family members. They ensure that there is continuity of care and in good order documented.A community nurse on the other hand must demonstrate the ability to have effective problem solving strategies. They must also make the use of systematic decision making techniques. These decisions need to be based on experience and clinical judgment. Community nurses have a lavishly degree of autonomy as compared with nurses working in acute settings. They have to participate in decision making to ensure accountability. They must also make appropriate solutions in response to a range of options (Harris, 14).Nurses in the community need to demonstrate the ability to make autonomous decisions and independence. They have to resolve complex situations using multiple approaches. A nurse working in the acute setting on the other hand does not have a high degree of a utonomy. They also do not need to demonstrate a level of independence. Nurses working in the community differ from those who work in acute settings. They have work in developing community health programs and teams. Nurses in acute settings on other hand work for healing and recovery of intensely sick patients.Works CitedBurbach CA. Community health and alkali health nursing keeping the concepts clear. Nurse and Health Care. 1988 9(2)96-100.Green PH. Meeting the learning needs of home health nurses. J Home Health Care blueprint. 1994 6(4)25-32.Conrad MB. Issues in home health nursing education. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1991 9(4)21-28.Humphrey CJ. Home care nursing predilection model justification and structure. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1992 19(3)18-22.Shea AM. Transitioning professional nurses into home care a 6-month mentorship program. J Home Health Care Practice. 1994 6(4)67-72.Feldman R. Meeting the educational needs of home health care nurses. J Home Health Care Practice. 1993 5(4 )12-19.Stephany TM. Health hazard concerns of home care nurses a staff nurse perspective. J Nurs Adm. 1993 23(12)12-13.Loreti ST. Easing the transition from hospital nursing to home care a research study. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1991 9(4)32-35.Wood MJ. The educational needs of home health nurses. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1986 4(3)11-17.Bailey C. Education for home care providers.JOGNN 1994 23(8)714-719.Hunt P. When orientation is not enough.Home Healthcare Nurse. 1992 10(6)36-40.Brent NJ. Orientation to home healthcare nursing is an essential ingredient of risk management and employee satisfaction.Home Healthcare Nurse. 1992 10(2)9-10.Harris MD, Yuan J. Educating and orienting nurses for home healthcare. Home Healthcare Nurse. 1991 9(4)9-14Sobolewski S. See you in home care. Am J Nurs(Part 2 Career Guide). 1996 January10,12,14. care forNursing is like breathing for me. It is more than a purpose. Being a nurse will complement not only or so people but my well-being as well. To require a nurse you need to be compassionate and able to pass college algebra and several science courses much(prenominal) as microbiology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology. I also need to take psychology, neighborly sciences, and be proficient at written and oral communication. I need to be able to read at a tenth grade level.For many, 9/11 was a turning point in their professional lives. People began to find they were not satisfied in jobs that didnt make a difference in someones life. Others had always wanted to become a nurse but other factors god their decisions and now they want to pursue a career in nursing. I might find it easier than you thought to have a second career as a nurse. Nursing is super hard work, both physically and emotionally. Not everyone is cut out for it. Its not just the blood and gore that might make you have in mind twice. I have to understand what nursing involves before you choose this route.I dont have to just work in a hospital to be a nurse. I am abo ut to find out more opportunities for nurses as well as the educational requirements to achieve these roles. Healthcare is one of the fastest ripening professions throughout the world. The population ages, and healthcare costs rise, the demand for nurses will continue to increase as well. The health care delivery system is shifting, and nurses, particularly those with in advance(p) education, will be in demand for quite some time. With the rising costs of healthcare, physicians are spending less time with patients, and nurses are shifting into an ever expanding role of health educator, as well as providing more direct care to the patients.Effects of Nursing Shortage The present population of nurses is aging and draw near retirement. This will compound the current shortage of nurses worldwide. I am bent to become one of one the thousands of nurses that aspire to undertake this profession. The shortage nurses are cause a dramatic increase in salaries for nurses but this is not a h indrance to become a nurse. For one to become a nurse, he or she should be more than dedicated with his profession. Patients are to be treated like they are family as well, so as to feel at home during their sweat in the hospital.Hospitals and other facilities are competing for nurses with sign-on bonuses, and packages including cars, childcare and/or eldercare assistance, and housing assistance. Attractive salaries, bonuses, and job security are not the only benefits for nurses. Caring for others and making a difference in the lives of others everyday is a rewarding aspect to a career in nursing. Its something that can be said to be missing in many careers. The shortage of nurses has forced employers to not only adjust salaries, but to look outside the box at alternative and flexible working conditions. some(prenominal) more opportunities are available for per diem, part time as well as full time employees. Flexible work schedules and job sharing opportunities are emerging in the field to help nurses meet the demands of their families while managing a rewarding career. One way you can see for yourself fir treest hand is to become a patient, but that is not the recommended route. Many young people choose nursing because of past experiences as a patient or through the experiences of a loved one or a close friend. Other ways include volunteering in a local hospital. Many still use glaze over stripers, or have auxiliaries which train volunteers to read to patients, to assist with wheelchair transportation at discharge, running library carts, etc.Another way is to seek out a shadow day experience. Talk to your guidance counselor and see if it is possible to set one up. Sometimes local hospitals and clinics offer these periodically. Call your local initiation and inquire. Perhaps you ca help them to do this if they dont already. Nursing schools whitethorn offer shadow day experiences. Some are beginning to offer Nursing Camps for a week during the summer. You li ve on campus and attend events and tours of their hospital facilities. You shadow nurses, and earn your CPR. You may also learn to take vital signs and visit laboratory facilities. You may get to enter a hyperbaric chamber and observe in the Emergency rooms and Operating Rooms. Yet this is what I aspire to be. Nursing is not just a profession for me it is passion that will take me arrays and would complement me as a person.NursingNursing is involved in identifying its own unique knowledge basethat is, the body of knowledge essential to nursing practice, or a so-called nursing science. To identify this knowledge base, nurses must develop and recognize concepts and theories that are specific to nursing.Theory has been delimit as a supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. For now, think of theory as a major, very well articulated idea about something important. The four most influential theories from the 20th century were Marxs theory of alienati on, Freuds theory of the unconscious, Darwins theory of evolution, and Einsteins theory of relativity. Most undergraduate students are introduced to the major theories in their disciplines.Psychology majors study Freud and Jungs theories of the unconscious, Sullivan and Piagets theories of development, and mule drivers theory of behaviorism. Psychology majors are also introduced to critiques of those theories. Sociology majors study Marxs theory of alienation and Webers theories of modern work, as well as the critiques of their theories. Both sociology and psychology majors spend the majority of their time studying theories and approaches to research.This paper discusses how nursing theory is different from medicine.II. BackgroundA. Purposes of Nursing TheoryDirect links exist among theory, education, research, and clinical practice.a) In EducationBecause nursing theory was used primarily to establish the professions place in the university, it is not surprising that nursing theory became more firmly established in academia than in clinical practice. In the 1970s and 1980s, many nursing programs identified the major concepts in one or two nursing models, organized these concepts into a conceptual framework, and attempted to organize the entire program around that framework.The unique language in these models was typically introduced into program objectives, course objectives, course descriptions, and clinical performance criteria. The purpose was to elucidate the central meanings of the profession and to take a crap status vis--vis other professions. Occasionally, the language of nursing syllabi became so torturous that neither the faculty nor the students had a clear understanding of what was meant. Many nursing programs have decrepit theory-driven conceptual frameworks.III. DiscussionA. In ResearchNurse scholars have repeatedly insisted that nursing research identifies the philosophical assumptions or theoretical frameworks from which it proceeds. That i s because all thinking, writing, and speaking is based on previous assumptions about people and the world. bare-assed theoretical perspectives provide an essential service by identifying gaps in the way we approach specific palm of study such(prenominal) as symptom management or quality of life. Different theoretical perspectives can also help generate new ideas, research questions, and interpretations.Grand theories only occasionally direct nursing research. Nursing research is more often informed by midlevel theories that focus on the exploration of concepts such as pain, self-esteem, learning, and hardiness. Qualitative research in nursing and the social sciences can also be grounded in theories from philosophy or the social sciences.The term critical theory is used in academia to describe theories that help elucidate how social structures affect a wide variety of human experiences from art to social practices. In nursing, critical theory helps explain how these structures such as race, gender, sexual orientation, and economic class affect patient experiences and health outcomes.a) In Clinical PracticeWhere nursing theory has been employed in a clinical setting, its primary contribution has been the facilitation of reflection, questioning, and thinking about what nurses do. Because nurses and nursing practice are often subordinated to respectable institutional forces and traditions, the introduction of any framework that encourages nurses to reflect on, think about, and question what they do provides an invaluable service.An increasing body of theoretical scholarship in nursing has been outside the framework of the formal theories presented in the next pages. Benner (2000) argues that formalistic theories are too often superimposed on the life-worlds of patients, overshadowing core values of the profession and our patients humanity.Philosophy is used to explore both clinical and theoretical issues in the journal Nursing Philosophy. Family theorists and c ritical theorists have encouraged the profession to playact the focus from individuals to families and social structures. Debates about the role of theory in nursing practice provide evidence that is nursing is maturing, both as an academic discipline and as a clinical profession.B. Nursing TheoriesThe nursing theories discussed in this paper vary considerably (a) in their level of abstraction (b) in their conceptualization of the client, health/illness, environment, and nursing and (c) in their ability to describe, explain, or predict. Some theories are broad in scope others are limited. The works presented in this paper may be categorized as philosophies, conceptual frameworks or grand theories, or midlevel theories (Tomey, 2001).A philosophy is often an early effort to define nursing phenomena and serves as the floor for later theoretical formulations. Examples if philosophies are those of Nightingale, Henderson, and Watson. Conceptual models/grand theories include those of Ore m, Rogers, Roy, and King, whereas midlevel theorists are Peplau, Leininger, Parse, and Neuman.a) Nightingales Environmental TheoryFlorence Nightingale, often considered the first nurse theorist, defined nursing more than 100 years ago as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery (Nightingale, 1999). She linked health with tailfin environmental factors (1) pure or fresh air, (2) pure water, (3) efficient drainage, (4) cleanliness and (5) light, especially direct sunlight. DeficienciesThese environmental factors attain significance when one considers that sanitation conditions in the hospitals of the mid-1800s were extremely poor and that women working in the hospitals were often unreliable, uneducated, and incompetent to care for the ill. In addition to those factors, Nightingale also stressed the importance of keeping the client warm, maintaining a noise-free environment, and attending of the clients diet in terms of assessing intake, timelin ess of the food, and its effect on the person (Nightingale, 1999).Nightingale set the stage for further work in the development of nursing theories. Her general concepts about ventilation, cleanliness, quiet, warmth, and diet remain integral parts of nursing and health care today.b) Rogers Science of one(a) Human BeingsMartha Rogers first presented her theory of unitary human beings in 1970. It contains complex conceptualizations related to multiple scientific disciplines (e.g., Einsteins theory of relativity, Burr and Northrops electrodynamic theory of life von Bertalanffys general systems theory and many other disciplines, such as anthropology, psychology, sociology, astronomy, religion, philosophy, history, biology, and literature.Rogers views the person as an irreducible whole, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Whole is differentiated from holistic, the latter often being used to mean only the sum of all parts. She states that humans are dynamic efficacy fields in continuous exchange with environmental fields, both of which are infinite. The human field image perspective surpasses that of the physical body. Both human and environmental fields are characterized by pattern, a universe of open systems, and four dimensionalities (Rogers, 2000).Nurses applying Rogers theory in practice (a) focus on the persons wholeness, (b) seek to promote symphonic interaction between the two energy fields (human and environment) to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the person, (c) coordinate the human field with the rhythmicities of the environmental field, and (d) direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum health potential.Nurses use of non-contact therapeutic touch is based on the concept of human energy fields. The qualities of the field vary from person to person and are affected by pain and illness. Although the field is infinite, realistically it is most all the way felt within several feet of the body. Nurses trained in non-contact therapeutic touch claim they can assess and feel the energy field and manipulate it to leaven the healing process of people who are ill or injured (Rogers, 2000).c) Orems General Theory of NursingDorothea Orems theory, first published in 1971, includes the related concepts self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. Self-care theory is based in four concepts self-care, self-care mental representation, self-care requisites, and therapeutic self-care demand. Self-care refers to those activities an individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being.Self-care agency is the individuals ability to perform self-care activities. It consists of two agents A self-care agent (an individual who performs self-care independently) and a dependent care agent (a person other than the individual who provides the care) (Orem, 2001). Most adults care for themselves, whereas infants and people weakened by illnes s or disability require assistance with self-care activities.Self-care requisites, also called self-care needs, are measures or actions taken to provide self-care. Self-care deficit results when self-care agency is not adequate to meet the known self-care demand. Orems self-care deficit theory explains not only when nursing is needed but also how people can be assisted through five methods of helping acting or doing for, guiding, teaching, supporting, and providing an environment that promotes the individuals abilities to meet current and afterlife demands.d) Kings Goal Attainment TheoryImogene Kings theory of goal attainment was derived from her conceptual framework. Kings framework shows the race of operational systems (individuals), interpersonal systems (groups such as nurse-patient), and social systems (such as educational system, health care system). She selected 15 concepts from the nursing literature (self, role, perception, communication, interaction, transaction, growth and development, stress, time, personal space, organization, status power, authority, and decision making) as essential knowledge for use by nurses.Ten of the concepts in the framework were selected (self, role, perception, communication, interaction, transaction, growth and development, stress, time, and personal space) as essential knowledge for use by nurses in concrete nursing situations.Within this theory, a transaction process model was designed (King, 2001). This process describes the nature of and standard for nursepatient interactions that leads to goal attainment that nurses purposefully interact and mutually set, explore, and agree to means to achieve goals. Goal attainment represents outcomes. When this information is recorded in the patient record, nurses have data that represent evidence-based nursing practice.Kings theory offers insight into nurses interactions with individuals and groups within the environment. It highlights the importance of a clients participation in decisions that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care (King, 2001).IV. ConclusionIn the natural sciences, the main function of theory is to guide research. In the practice disciples, the main function of theory (and research) is to provide new possibilities for understanding the disciplines focus (music, art, management, and nursing).To Nightingale, the knowledge required to provide good nursing was neither unique nor specialized. Rather, Nightingale viewed nursing as central human activity grounded in observation, reason, and commonsense health practices.Theories articulate significant relationship between concepts in order to point something larger, such as gravity, the unconscious, or the experiences of pain.ReferenceBenner, P. (2000). The roles of embodiment, emotion and lifeworld for rationality and agency in nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy, 1(1), 5-19. Nightingale, F. (1999). Notes on nursing What it is, and what it is not. New York Dover. (Original work published in 1860). Orem, D. (2001). Nursing Concepts of practice (8th Ed.). St. Louis, M.O. Mosby. Rogers, M.E. (2000). An introduction to the theoretical basis if nursing. Philadelphia F.A. Davis. Tomey, A.M. (2001). Nursing theorist and their work (7th Ed.). St. Louis MO Mosby. King, I. M. (2001). A theory fir nursing Systems, concepts, process. Albany, NY Delmar.

Local Coffee Shops and Chain Coffee Shops Essay

Coffee shops take in always been important for British people. When they want to shew a book and newspapers ,meet new people, follow commodity prices, have knowledge of political issues, learn about what others think of a new book, be certified of the latest scientific and technological developments, have a chat with friends, they argon going to cocoa shops. In the past, there were only topical anaesthetic chocolate shops which are also named as high street coffee shops. Nevertheless, today, the number of coffee shop chains is increasing dramatically. Therefore, it becomes so difficult for the owners of the high street coffee shops to run their own businesses. This will be analyzed by comparing the upside and the downside of both shop types in this essay.First of all, giant companies have the wages of a location which can be more than convenient and also easier for local anesthetics, in particular students, to shop quickly. For instance, a big company can cause up a coffee s hop in such a good place like in a shopping park or a centre, in a train or a bus station, in an airport and in a popular street of a townspeople centre, however, this is usually not possible for a local business person.Secondly, the latter has got the advantage of a popular brand name, but the former does not have this opportunity. Finally, giant corporations coffee shops are more modern and organized than local ones. On the other hand, there are some advantages of high street coffee shops. For example, a high street coffee shop has got a better atmosphere than a shop of a chain. The staff of local one is more friendly and hospitable. In addition, in a local coffee shop, most customers know each other and they can make new friends and discuss some(prenominal) they want with other customers. Thus, they feel more comfortable in these local shops.However, it is obviously difficult to provide a friendly environment in a giant corporations coffee shop because the personnel are more for mal when they deal with customers. Also, people can get a juicy meal and a cup of coffee with a cheaper price in local shops compared to others.To sum up, even though there are some advantages of local coffee shops, particularly a kindly atmosphere of them, it is still challenging for them to compete with giant corporations. However, I believe that, in order to keep local coffee shops alive, there are some measures which can be taken. For instance, councils can reduce the amount of the rates and the rents for local businesses. Besides, all shopping centers should be after-school(prenominal) of towns and local people should encouraged to go to local coffee shops.